up with solutions. Mr. Amr started his lecture by exploring the different physical mechanisms responsible for losing the Martian atmospheric gases. The sources and sinks of gases are quite various, but one important one is the role of the solar wind in adding and stripping gases from the Martian atmosphere due to the lack of a global magnetic field around Mars.

Mr. Amr then tackled the question of how we can render Mars like Earth: terraforming it. Several solutions were envisaged to transform the Martian atmosphere into a livable one. Among these solutions, we can mention:

importing ammonia, a potent greenhouse gas.

importing hydrocarbons like methane.

using fluorine compounds, such as sulfur hexafluoride, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), or perfluorocarbons (PFCs).

using orbital mirrors made of thin aluminized PET film to increase the total insolation.

reducing the albedo by spreading dark dust.

introducing an artificial magnetosphere by building a system of refrigerated latitudinal superconducting rings, each carrying a sufficient amount of direct current.

placing a magnetic dipole field on L1 orbit between the planet and the Sun to protect it from high-energy solar particles.

The full lecture can be followed through the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUcAe9GfGzs

Mr. Amr Ansary- Planetarium Scientific Guide