Mr. Abdullah talked about the traditional ways of finding locations, like using celestial objects and radar towers. However, for those living in the northern hemisphere, Polaris is the primary target to find the four cardinal points (E, W, N, and S) and the observer location since the altitude of this North Star is just the latitude the observer. It is a solid method that even the US Navy urges its marines to use in addition to the sophisticated electronic tools.

GNSS (Global Navigational Satellite System) is the present-day technology that we are all familiar with. GNSS comprises a group of artificial satellites that send position and timing data from their high orbits. The GPS (USA), or Global Positioning System, is just one of the many different sets of satellites that can provide such data, in addition to GLONASS (Russia), BEIDOU (China), or GALILEO (Europe).  Global coverage for each system is generally achieved by a satellite constellation of 18–30 medium Earth orbit (MEO) satellites spread between several orbital planes.

The full lecture can be followed through the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oR2A1VT5FHc